In this week’s article, we examine the case of Lee v. Air Canada, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3458 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) in which a passenger on an international flight between the United States and Canada “was sitting in her assigned aisle seat when she was struck on the head by the carry-on roller bag of another passenger (Mr. X who had) lifted his bag to place it in the overhead bin (when) he was ‘bumped’ or ‘struck’ on his leg by a passenger…who was ‘passing down the aisle’ (causing Mr. X to lose his balance and drop his bag)”. Because this flight was an international flight the rights and remedies of Ms. Lee are governed by the Montreal Convention, the successor to the Warsaw Convention [see Dickerson, Travel Law at Chapter 2A].
دهشت گردي جي ھدف جي تازه ڪاري
هرغاده، مصر
In Two Ukranian tourists dead, four wounded in Egypt’s Red Sea resort attack, www.eturbonews.com (7/14/2017) it was noted that “Two Ukranian tourists were killed and four other tourists wounded when a man attacked them with a knife at a resort in Hurghada on Friday afternoon. According to a short statement from the Egyptian interior ministry, the assailant, who was arrested after the attack, had swum to the resort from a nearly beach…Three foreign tourists were stabbed at the same resort, renowned for the scuba diving, in January 2016 by two suspected militants from the Islamic State militant group”.
قائره، مصر
In 5 policemen shot dead in Egypt ambush-state media, travelwirenews.com (7/14/2017) it was noted that “Masked gunmen opened fire on a security checkpoint south of Cairo, Friday morning killing five policemen before fleeing the scene”.
لنڊن، انگلينڊ
In 5 terrorist attacks thwarted in recent months, some ‘minutes away’-Met Police commissioner, tavelwirenews.com (7/14/2017) it was noted that “British authorities have thwarted five terrorist attacks in the past three to four months, the Metropolitan Police commissioner has confirmed. Some of them were ‘within minutes’ of being carried out. ‘Just in the last few weeks, five [have been foiled]. And overall, it’s well into the teens in the last couple of years where we know people were intent on attacking and that’s been stopped’. Metropolitan Police Commissioner…later clarified that they were thwarted ‘over the last three to four months’”.
نن Rockو پٿر ، آرٽسسن
In Fortin, Dozens Are Injured in Shooting at a Nightclub in Little Rock, nytimes.com (7/1/2017) it was noted that “Dozens of people were wounded by gunfire at a nightclub early Saturday morning in downtown Little Rock, Ark., in what appeared to be the result of a dispute…The Power Ultra Lounge…was crowded with patrons around 2:30 a.m….the gunfire erupted. About 30 shots rang out over 10 seconds as people screamed and ducked for cover…The youngest victim…was 16 years old”.
Stockholm، سويڊن
In Anderson & Sorensen, Stockholm Truck Attack Kills 4; Terrorism Is Suspected, nytimes.com (4/7/2017) it was noted that “A man drove a stolen beer truck into a crowd of people in a popular shopping district in Stockholm on Friday afternoon and then rammed it into a department store, killing four people and injuring 15 others in an attack that unleashed bloodshed and panic on the streets of another European capital. ‘Sweden has been attacked’, Prime Minister Stefan Lofven said in a televised news conference. ‘This indicates that it is an act of terror’”.
سينٽ پيٽرس، روس
In Nechepurenko & MacFarquhar, Explosion in St. Petersburg, Russia, Kills 11 as Vladimir Putin Visits, nytimes.com (4/3/2017)(“The train had just entered a tunnel between stations, on its way out of a sprawling hub, when the bomb exploded. The homemade device, filled with shrapnel, tore through a third car. It killed 11 people; wounded more than 40, including children, and spread bloody mayhem as the train limped into the Technology Institute station with smoke filling the air…’What a nightmare’ somebody yelled amid piercing screams”.
Laptop Ban
In Chiem, US Lifts Laptop Ban For Royal Jordanian, Kuwait Airways, law360.com (7/10/2017) it was noted that “The U.S. on Sunday cleared Royal Jordanian Airlines and Kuwait Airways to allow large personal electronic devices, such as laptops, in their aircraft cabins aboard U.S.-bound flights from Jordan and Kuwait after they tightened their passenger screening procedures”.
سفري پابندي تازه ڪاري
In Jordan, Grandparents Win Reprieve From Trump Travel Ban in Federal Court, nytimes.com (7/14/2017) it was noted that “A federal judge in Hawaii ruled late Thursday that the Trump administration’s temporary ban on travelers from six predominantly Muslin countries and on refugees should not prevent grandparents and other close relatives from entering the United States”
شڪاگو کان پري رهو، مهرباني ڪري
In Deadliest July 4 weekend in Chicago in Years, over 100 shot despite extra police, travelwirenews.com (7/5/2017) it was noted that “Over 100 people were shot over the four-day weekend in Chicago, with a dozen killed. This despite more than 1,000 extra officers being deployed on the streets during the holiday”.
مهرباني ڪري ڪولمبيا کان پري رهو
ڪولمبيا جي مٽي سلائيڊنگ ۾ مرڻ وارن جو تعداد 254 تائين وڌي ويو، travelwirenews.com (4/2/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو ته “متاثرين پنهنجي پيارن کي ڳوليندي ملبي مان کوٽي رهيا هئا ۽ ڇنڇر (اپريل 1) تي مٽيءَ کان پوءِ آخري بچيل مال بچائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. ڪولمبيا جي شهر موڪووا ۾ سلائيڊنگ، پوتومايو ڊپارٽمينٽ، 254 ڄڻا مارجي ويا ۽ سوين زخمي ٿيا.
ڪيسي ۾، ڪولمبيا ۾ مٽي سلائيڊ کان پوءِ 'لاشون سڙي رهيون آهن'، nytimes.com (4/3/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو آهي ته “لاش سومر جي صبح تي ڪولمبيا جي هڪ شهر موڪوا تي گڏ ٿي رهيا هئا جتي مٽي ۽ ملبي ان کي ٺاهيو هو. انهن هنڌن تي اهو ڏسڻ ناممڪن آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو اتي رهندو هو. ريسڪيو اهلڪارن لاشن جي ڳولا جاري رکي. ۽ خاندان جا ميمبر ... پيارن جي لاشن لاءِ التجا ڪئي ته جيئن اهي انهن کي مناسب تدفين جي آڇ ڪري سگهن“.
How Many Died In London Fire?
In Nordlan & Magra, How Many Died in London Fire? Anger Rises as Police Won’t Say for Sure, nytimes.com (7/10/2017) it was noted that “On Monday, after weeks of criticism, the police for the first time offered an estimate of the number of people who should have been in the building that night-350-and said that of that figure, 255 had survived and 14 were not at home, which would imply that 81 people had died. But the official death toll in London’s deadliest fire since World War II has been repeatedly challenged by survivors and their advocates…From the day of the fire, June 14, when the death toll was initially announced as only six and later 12, people began to complain that the ;police were giving low estimates. It was clear that flames had engulfed the entire building in a very short time, forcing some-no one has divulged how many-to jump out of higher floors and others to flee down the single, smoke-choked staircase”.
Up Close And Personal: Killed By Jet Blast
In Tourist killed by jet blast on world-famous St. Maarten beach, www.eturbonews.com (7/13/2017) it was noted that “A New Zealand woman has died after the force of a jet blast lifted her off the ground at a beach on St. Maarten, next to a runway popular among tourists wishing to experience the force of airplane engines up close”
Slime Eels, Anyone?
In Mele. Chain-Reaction Crash With Minor Injuries, Except for the Slime Eels, nytimes.com (7/14/2017) it was noted that “If you thought you were enduring a ‘summer of hell’ commute, consider the repulsive mess created on an Oregon highway on Thursday in a collision of modern transportation and prehistoric fish. Picture the scene from the 1984 ‘Ghostbusters’ movie in which Dr, Peter Venkman, played by Bill Murray, complains about being ‘slimed’. Then multiply that a thousand-fold and you’ll get some idea of what happened on a coastal highway in Depoe Bay, Ore., about 100 miles west of Portland. A truck hauling 7,500 pounds of hagfish, also known as slime eels, was (in an accident resulting in containers of slime eels spilling onto the highway and several cars)”
Philippines Earthquake
In Philippines Earthquake: Trapped Guests in three-Story Pension Hotel, www.eturbonews.com (7/6/2017) it was noted that “A three-story pension house in the town of Kananga in Leyte province collapsed Thursday afternoon after a magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck the region”.
Another Train Derailment
In McGeehan & Tarbell, Penn Station Derailment Gives Stark Proof of Track’s Disrepair, nytimes.com (7/7/2017) it was noted that “If there were any lingering doubts about the urgency of the comprehensive repairs to the tracks at Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan, the derailment of another commuter train on Thursday night should have quashed them. The derailment, the third since late March at Penn Station, happened at a crucial junction that is scheduled to be closed and replaced this summer”.
Holiday Nightmare In Bavaria
In Steinmetz, Holiday Nightmare in Bavaria: Tour Bus in flames after deadly Autobahn crash, www.eturbonews.com (7/3/2017) it was noted that “A tourist bus with mostly senior citizen travelers burst into flames on the A9 Autobahn (freeway) in Bavaria, Germany after colliding with a truck. Officials in Germany say several people have been confirmed dead, at least 30 people were injured in the crash and 18 are reported missing”.
Marriott Sued For Unwanted Phone Calls
In Hanson, Consumers Say Marriott Violated TCPA With Unwanted Calls, law360.com (7/3/2017) it was noted that “A proposed class of consumers have filed suit against Marriott International Inc. in New York federal court, accusing the hotel giant of sending unwanted prerecorded phone calls to consumers’ cell phones in violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act…(The plaintiff) seeks to represent a class that consists of all persons in the United States who, beginning four years before she filed her complaint received robocalls or text messages promoting Marriott via an ATDS or with an artificial or prerecorded voice (and) who didn’t give the hotel company their prior express consent”.
Speeding Up Airport Screening
In Vora, T.S.A. Testing 2 Technologies to Speed Airport Screening, nytimes.com (6/28/2017) it was noted that “Yes, there are those constant warnings of long lines at security checkpoints, but the agency recently introduced pilot programs of two technologies intended to significantly speed up the screening process: computer tomography three-dimensional (CT 3D) bag screening and biometric fingerprint identification…one thing fliers shouldn’t expect this summer when going through security lanes is being asked by the agency’s employees to remove their books from their carry-on luggage”.
ميوزيم آف آئس ڪريم
In Museum of Ice Cream announces its opening in Los Angeles, etn.travel (3/28/2017) it was noted that “Museum of Ice Cream opens its doors to the West Coast this April claiming sunny Los Angeles as its highly anticipated second locations…Museum of Ice Cream captivated a global audience with its unprecedented 2016 launch in New York City, selling out in five days and attracting a waitlist of 200,000…Interactive highlights include a ‘banana split’ comprised of ten thousand ‘bananas’, a mint ‘grow house’, a room dedicated to California, a melted popsicle jungle and more, The iconic swimmable sprinkle pool filled with one hundred million sprinkles”. Enjoy.
ٻارن کي معاوضو ڏنو وڃي
پيرس ۾، ٻار به فلائيٽ دير جي معاوضي جا حقدار آهن، ڪورٽ ڳولي ٿو، msn.com (4/6/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو ته ”ريانيئر جي اڏام ۾ نو ڪلاڪ دير ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ايئرلائن هڪ بالغ مرد کي معاوضو ڏيڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. مسافرن پر ساڳئي رقم پنهنجي ڇهن مهينن جي ڌيءَ کي ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، جيڪا اڏام دوران سندس گود ۾ ويٺي هئي. بجيٽ ايئر لائن دليل ڏنو ته اهو انهن ٻارن کي معاوضو نه ڏيڻ گهرجي جن وٽ سيٽ ريزرويشن نه آهي ۽ جيڪي صرف (E20) ٻار جي فيس جي تابع آهن. اهو پڻ چيو ويو آهي ته ننڍڙي ڇوڪري پنهنجي ننڍي عمر جي ڪري تڪليف ۽ تڪليف برداشت نه ڪري سگهي. پر ليورپول ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ جي هڪ جج اختلاف ڪيو ۽ فيصلو ڪيو ته ٻار ضابطن جي مقصدن لاءِ مسافر هو. Ryanair حڪمران کي 'ڊافٽ' سڏيو آهي ۽ پنهنجي وڪيلن کي فوري طور تي اپيل ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪري رهيو آهي.
چيني سياحت اڪيڊمي
اطالوي شهر ۾ چيني سياحتي اڪيڊمي سان معاهدو سائن ڪيو، travelwirenews.Com (3/29/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو ته “چائنا ٽورازم اڪيڊمي اربع تي بيجنگ ۾ اطالوي شهر بولوگنا سان چيني سياحن جي عادتن تي تحقيق ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ معاهدو تي دستخط ڪيو ۽ ضرورتون.... بولوگنا جي ڊپٽي ميئر Matteo Lepore چيو ته هي شهر پنهنجي ڊگهي تاريخ، شاهوڪار ثقافت ۽ لذيذ کاڌي سان گڏ چيني سياحن لاءِ هڪ قابل قدر منزل آهي. ان وٽ پڻ يورپ جي سڀ کان پراڻي يونيورسٽي آهي، جيڪا هاڻي چين مان 1,000 شاگردن جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي.
Japanese Corpse Hotel
In Rich, Crematory Is Booked? Japan Offers Corpse Hotels, nytimes.com (7/1/2017) it was noted that “The minimalist rooms at the Hotel Relation here in Japan’s third-largest city are furnished with plain twin beds. Flat-screen televisions adorn the walls. Plastic-wrapped cups and tooth brushes are provided in the bathrooms. And just across the hall are the rooms where the corpses rest. Checkout time, for the living and the dead, is usually no later than 3 p.m. The Hotel Relation is what Japanese call an ‘itai hoteru’ or corpse hotel…Part mortuary, part inn, these hotels serve a growing market of Japanese seeking an alternative to a big, traditional funeral in a country where the population is aging rapidly, community bonds are fraying and crematories are struggling to keep up with the sheer number of people dying”.
Flash Floods In Vietnam
In Flash Floods forces hundreds of tourists to flee Vietnamese resort, www.eturbonews.com (7/1/2017) it was noted “A flash flood hit a resort in the central province of Thua Thien-Hue on Friday, forcing holidaymakers to flee. Flood waters from upstream poured down into the Suoi Voi (Elephant Srings) Summer Resort in Loc Tien Commune at about 4 p.m., while around 1,000 people were still bathing there. Hundreds of tourists panicked and fled to higher ground”.
هاٿي ٿورو آرام ڪن ٿا
In Gettleman, Elephants Get a Reprieve as Price of Ivory Falls, nytimes.com (3/29/2017) it was noted that “Finally, there’s some news for elephants. The price of ivory in China, the world’s largest market for elephant tusks, has fallen sharply, which may spell a reprieve from the intense poaching of the past decade. According to a report released on Wednesday by Save the Elephants, a respected wildlife group in Kenya, the price of ivory is less than half what it was just three years ago, showing that demand is plummeting. Tougher economic times, a sustained advocacy campaign and China’s apparent commitment to shutting down its domestic ivory trade this year were the drivers of the change, elephant experts said”.
Avis, Hertz & Self-Driving Cars
In Huddleston, Avis Shares Jump on Alphabet Self-Driving Car Partnership, fortune.com (6/26/2017) it was noted that “Waymo, the self-driving car unit of Google-owned Alphabet, has reached an agreement with Avis Budget Group under which the rental car company will manage Waymo’s fleet of autonomous vehicles. Avis will provide storage and maintenance services for the Waymo fleet of self-driving vehicles in Phoenix”.
In Webb & Welch, Apple working with Hertz to manage small driverless fleet, msn.com (6/27/2017) it was noted that “Apple is leasing a small fleet of cars from Hertz to test self-driving technology, an agreement that echoes a larger deal between competitors Alphabet Inc. and Avis Budget Group”.
Uber جي خود ڊرائيونگ ڪارون هولڊ تي
اسحاق ۾، اوبر ايريزونا حادثي کان پوءِ سيلف ڊرائيونگ گاڏين جا ٽيسٽ معطل ڪري ڇڏيا، nytimes.com (3/25/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو ته “Uber ڇنڇر تي چيو ته اهو پنهنجي خود ڊرائيونگ گاڏين جي ٽيسٽ کي معطل ڪري رهيو آهي، هڪ ڏينهن بعد Tempe، Ariz ۾ گاڏين مان هڪ ٽڪر ۾ ملوث هئي. Uber گاڏي، جنهن ۾ ڊرائيور جي سيٽ تي هڪ شخص هو پر خود ڊرائيونگ موڊ ۾ هو، حادثي ۾ غلطي نه هئي، ٽيمپ پوليس ڊپارٽمينٽ جي ترجمان جي مطابق. . Uber جي وولوو XC90 اسپورٽ يوٽيلٽي گاڏي کي ٽڪر ان وقت ٿيو جڏهن ٻي ڪار جو ڊرائيور حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي ويو… ٽڪراءُ سبب Uber جي گاڏي ان جي پاسي کان ڦري وئي“.
Waymo جي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪير چوري ڪيو؟
Wakabayashi ۽ Isaac ۾، Uber انڪار ڪري رهيو آهي اهو چوري ٿيل Waymo ٽيڪنالاجي استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي، nytimes.com (4/7/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو آهي ته “Uber Waymo جي دعوائن کي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، سيلف ڊرائيونگ ڪار ڪمپني گذريل سال گوگل جي والدين ڪمپني کان ٻاهر نڪتي، اهو آهي ته اهو استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي ڊرائيور بغير ڪار ٽيڪنالاجي جو هڪ اڳوڻي گوگل ملازم طرفان چوري ڪيو ويو آهي. جمعه جي هڪ وفاقي عدالت ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ۾، اوبر چيو ته ان انٿوني ليونڊوڪڪي کي ملازمت ڏيڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي خودمختيار گاڏي لاء هڪ اهم جزو ڊزائين ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، اوبر جي خود ڊرائيونگ ڪارن جو سربراهه جن جي گوگل کان روانگي ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي وچ ۾ دانشورانه ملڪيت جي مقدمي جي دل تي آهي. .
الوداع ڊنمارڪ
In Farvel, Uber is getting out of Denmark, qz.com (3/28/2017) it was noted that “Sometimes Uber can be a sore loser. The ride-hailing company on Tuesday (March 28) said it will stop providing service in Denmark as of Aril 18, citing ‘unworkable’ changes to local taxi rules. Those changes, scheduled to take effect next year, cap new taxi driver licenses at 125 per quarter. They also require all cars to have fare meters, and restrict the types of cars that can be used for taxi-like purposes…the company has 2,000 Danish drivers and 300,000 Danish riders…In a handful of European countries-Sweden, France and Germany-Uber previously halted service of UberPop, which is comparable to UberX in the U.S. It pulled out of Taiwan earlier this year after racking up about $10 million in fines…In London, a lawyer recently took the first step to sue Uber and demand that the company pay the UK’s 20% value added tax on every ride. In Spain, Uber has sparked vehement protests”.
بروڪلن جي ڪوشر پيزا جنگ
Kilgannon ۾، Brooklyn's Kosher Pizza War ۾، Modern Tastes Battle Ancient Law، nytimes.com (3/28/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو آهي ته ”نيو يارڪ وانگر پيزا جي چرٻيءَ واري شهر ۾، پيزا جنگين ڪجهه باقاعدگي سان شروع ٿي، ڊالر کان منهٽن ۾ گراهڪن لاءِ وڙهندڙ سلائس جوائنٽ بروڪلن ۾ هڪ پيزا شاپ ۽ اسٽيٽن آئيلينڊ ۾ ٻئي جي وچ ۾ چوري ٿيل ساس جي رسيد تي مافيا جي رنگ ۾ تڪرار. پر شايد ڪوشر پيزا جنگ جي مقابلي ۾ ڪجھ به نه آهي، 21 هين صدي جي فوڊي ازم کي 19 هين صدي جي فيصلي واري دنيا جي خلاف هڪ انسولر هاسيڊڪ پاڙيسري جي مقابلي ۾. ٻه پيزا ريسٽورنٽ جا مالڪ، ٻئي آرٿوڊوڪس يهودي، رڳو بروڪلن جي مقدمي ۾ ڦاٿل آهن، آگسٽ جي ڪورٽ هائوس ۾ نه، پر انصاف جي هڪ غير واضح هال ۾، جنهن کي رابينيڪل ڪورٽ آف بورو پارڪ جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمري ۾ ڪيس ٻڌي ٿي. هڪ عبادت گاهه جي مٿان هڪ رهائشي بلاڪ تي. جنگ جي مرڪز ۾ قيمتون يا ساس جي ترڪيبون نه آهن، پر مقدس قانون جي خفيه تشريحون جيڪي هزارين سال اڳ قديم آرامي ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن. ٻنهي پاسن تورات ۽ تلمود پاران ترتيب ڏنل قاعدن کي سڏيو آهي، انهي سان گڏ ڪوشر جي قاعدن ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن معيارن جي تفسير جي هڪ ڪڪ بڪ جي قيمت ".
انڊيا جو فون روميوس
In Barry, India’s ‘Phone Romeos’ Look for Ms. Right via Wrong Numbers, nytimes.com (3/22/2017) it was noted that “In a glass-sided call center, police constables clickety clack on computer keyboards, on the trail of particularly Indian sort of criminal. The ‘phone Romeo’ as he is known here, calls numbers at random until he hears a woman’s voice, in the hope of striking up a romantic attachment. Among them are overeager suitors (‘Can I recharge your mobile?’), tremulous supplicants (‘I am talking to you, madam, but my body is shaking’) and the occasional heavy breather (‘I want to do the illegal things with you’). Intentionally dialing wrong numbers is a labor-intensive way to find a girlfriend. But it is increasingly common in a range of countries-Morocco, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh and India are examples-where traditional gender segregation has collided head-on with a wave of cheap new technology. India is justly proud of its mobile-phone revolution. Call tariffs are among the world’s lowest, and competition has sent the price of broadband plummeting. An estimated 680 million Indians use cellphones, with three million new ones coming online every month”.
Amazon ۾ ڊيپ
روميرو ۾، ڊيپ ۾ ايمازون هڪ قابل ذڪر ساحل (۽ اينٽ-ايٽنگ) تجربو، nytimes.com (3/20/2017) اهو نوٽ ڪيو ويو آهي ته Alter Do Chao، Brazil-جيتوڻيڪ اهو سمنڊ کان پري پري پري آهي Amazon جنگل جي ڪنڊ، Alter do Chao کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ دلڪش ساحلي شهرن جي وچ ۾ درجو ڏيڻ گهرجي. تاپاجوس نديءَ سان گڏ سفيد ريٽي ساحل سياحن کي اشارو ڪري ٿو جيڪي پري کان ڪيوبا تائين هلن ٿا، هڪ زميني شهر ڏکڻ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,000 ميل. صاف، گرم پاڻي اسنورڪلرز ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ پيڊل بورڊنگ جي مشق ڪندڙن کي لالچ ڏئي ٿو. هن سال Amazon Basin ۾ رپورٽنگ جي سفر دوران، مان ان جي بيحد خوبصورتي جا قصا ٻڌڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه ڏينهن لاءِ Alter do Chao ڏانهن ڀڄي ويس. هڪ ملڪ ۾ 4,600 ميلن کان وڌيڪ سامونڊي ڪناري سان، مون حيران ڪيو ته ڇا برازيل جي بهترين ساحلن مان هڪ واقعي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي مينهن ٻيلي جي اڻڄاتل اندرين اندر اندر واقع ٿي سگهي ٿو. 'جيڪڏهن توهان حقيقي الٽر جو تجربو ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا، توهان کي چيٽ کائڻي پوندي'، پيتو، 55، هڪ Cumaruara هندستاني، جيڪو جنگل جي رستي تي سياحن جي رهنمائي ڪري ٿو، مون کي ٻڌايو. هن جهنگ جي فرش مان هڪ ساوا چيتي ڪڍي مون کي ان کي کائڻ جي همت ڪئي. پاپ ڪارن وانگر ڪڪڙ، اها لذيذ هئي، ليمن گراس جي اشارن سان“.
هفتي جو سفر قانون ڪيس
جيئن ته عدالت پاران نوٽ ڪيو ويو آهي "مدعي ليسا لي مدعا جي ايئر ڪئناڊا تي مقدمو ڪيو آهي، زخمين لاء نقصان جي طلب ڪرڻ لاء مبينا طور تي هڪ پرواز تي وصول ڪيو ويو آهي جيڪو مدعا جي طرفان هلائي وئي آهي. لي جو الزام آهي ته هوءَ زخمي ٿي هئي جڏهن سامان جو هڪ ٽڪرو جيڪو هڪ ساٿي مسافر کي مدعي جي سيٽ جي مٿان اوور هيڊ ڪمپارٽمينٽ ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهيو هو ۽ هن کي مٿي تي ڌڪ هنيو. دعوي مونٽريال ڪنوينشن جي طرفان سنڀاليو ويو آهي، جيڪو مسافرن کي بين الاقوامي پروازن ۾ لڳل زخمين جي نقصان جي وصولي جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. مدعا ( شڪايت کي رد ڪندي خلاصو فيصلو طلب ڪري ٿو) ان بنياد تي ته اهو واقعو جنهن سبب لي جي مبينا زخمن جو سبب بڻيو اهو مونٽريال ڪنوينشن جي شرطن جي اندر ڪو ’حادثو‘ نه هو...(۽ وڌيڪ حد تائين ڪرڻ چاهي ٿو) ان جي ذميواري مونٽريال جي آرٽيڪل 21 جي مطابق ڪنوينشن (کي) 113,100 SDRs (تقريبن $150,000)“.
بورڊنگ جو عمل
”واقعي جي وقت، ايئر ڪئناڊا جي فلائيٽ اٽينڊنٽ ’سڄي ڪيبن ۾ بيٺا هئا‘ ۽ ’پنهنجا مقرر ڪيل فرض سرانجام ڏئي رهيا هئا جن ۾ ’مسافرن کي سلام ڪرڻ، مسافرن کي سندن مقرر ڪيل سيٽن ڏانهن هدايت ڪرڻ ۽ عام طور تي حفاظت لاءِ ڪيبن جي نگراني ڪرڻ‘ شامل هئا. ڪو به ثبوت نه آهي ته جهاز جي عملدار بورڊنگ جي عمل دوران مسافر جي وهڪري بابت ڪو اعلان يا خبردار ڪيو. هڪ ايئر ڪئناڊا جي فلائيٽ اٽينڊنٽ… (مسٽر ايڪس) جي بيگ کي گر ٿيندي ڏٺو پر ’بيگ کي مارڻ کان روڪي نه سگهيا [لي] ڇاڪاڻ ته هوءَ پنج کان اٺ قطارن جي فاصلي تي هئي ۽ ’گلي ۾ ٻيا مسافر هئا‘“.
ضابطن جي تعميل
"پارٽيون تڪرار نه ڪن ٿيون ته (مسٽر ايڪس جي) بيگ مڪمل طور تي ايئر ڪئناڊا جي سامان جي پاليسين جي مطابق هئي؛ ته نه ته وفاقي ضابطا نه ايئر ڪئناڊا جي پاليسين جي ضرورت آهي ته ڪيبن عملو ميمبر مدد ڪري (مسٽر ايڪس) پنهنجو ٿيلهو اوور هيڊ بن ۾ رکي... ۽ اهو ته فلائيٽ تي فلائيٽ اٽينڊنٽ جو تعداد ۽ پوزيشن وفاقي ضابطن ۽ صنعت جي معيارن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي“.
مونٽيريل ڪنوينشن
The Montreal Convention superseded the Warsaw Convention which was negotiated “and enacted in the first half of the twentieth century (with) its ‘cardinal purpose” was to ‘achiev[e] uniformity of rules governing claims arising from international air transportation’…Since the Warsaw Convention was drafted while the airline industry was in its infancy, it sought to ‘limit the liability of air carriers in order to foster the growth’ of that industry…Toward the end of the twentieth century, the state parties to the Warsaw Convention negotiated a treaty-the Montreal Convention-to replace the Warsaw Convention and its associated ‘hodgepodge of supplementary amendments and intercarrier agreements’…Unlike its predecessor, this new treat clearly ‘favor[ed] passengers rather the airlines’. It eliminated the Warsaw system’s ‘arbitrary caps’ on air carrier liability and held carriers ‘strictly liable for the first 100,000 (Special Drawing Rights (‘SDRs)] of proven damages for each passenger”.
آرٽيڪل 17: حادثو
"انهن جي بنيادي مقصدن جي وچ ۾ فرق جي باوجود، مونٽريال ڪنوينشن ڪيترن ئي شقن کي برقرار رکيو جيڪي وارسا ڪنوينشن ۾ موجود هئا (جنهن ۾ آرٽيڪل 17 شامل آهي، جيڪو مهيا ڪري ٿو) گاڏين جي موت يا جسماني زخم جي صورت ۾ نقصان جي لاء ذميوار آهي. شرط صرف اهو آهي ته حادثي جو سبب بڻيل موت يا زخمي جهاز تي تيز رفتاري سان يا جهاز ۾ سوار ٿيڻ يا اترڻ جي ڪنهن به عمل جي دوران“.
هڪ "حادثو" جي وضاحت
“Although the Montreal Agreement and Warsaw Convention allow for an injured passenger to recover damages from an air carrier only in the event of an ‘accident’, neither treaty defines the term. The United States Supreme Court filled this void in a 1985 case, Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392, 405 (1985) by declaring clearly and unanimously that an ‘accident’ arises ‘only if a passenger’s injury is caused by an unexpected or unusual event or happening that is external to the passenger’. The Saks court directed the inferior courts to apply its definition both ‘flexibly’ as well as ‘broadly’…Nonetheless, the broad definition crafted by the Supreme Court does not mean that every injury that occurs on an airplane is the result of an ‘accident’”.
هن ڪيس جو تجزيو ڪيو
“Courts have consistently found that items falling from overhead compartments are both ‘unexpected and unusual’ and ‘external’ to the unfortunate passengers upon whom the items land (citing Maxwell v. Aer Lingus Ltd., 122 F. Supp. 2d 210 (D. Mass. 2000); Smith v. American Airlines, Inc., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94013 (N.D. Cal.2009 (‘The bottle falling from above was both ‘unexpected and unusual’, it was an event that was ‘external’ to plaintiff’s body and it caused plaintiff bodily harm. Thus, the requirements of Saks…are satisfied’)…Because another passenger’s bag falling onto an unsuspecting passenger’s head was an unexpected or unusual event that was external to her—this Court finds that the circumstances in this case constitute an ’accident’ pursuant to Article 17 of the Montreal Convention”.
نقصانات محدود
“Pursuant to Article 21 of the Montreal Convention, an airline is not liable for damages exceeding 100,000 SDRs if the carrier proves that ‘such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or its servants or agents’…Today the cap on an airline’s ‘strict liability’ is actually 113,100 SDRs…because of inflation…Having considered the evidence…the Court finds that Air Canada has shown that as a matter of law it exercised reasonable case (and) has established that it was not negligent as matter o (and hence) its liability is limited to 113,100 SDRs of provable damages”.
ليکڪ، ٿامس اي ڊيڪرسن، نيو يارڪ اسٽيٽ سپريم ڪورٽ جي سيڪنڊ ڊپارٽمينٽ، اپيلٽ ڊويزن جو رٽائرڊ ايسوسيئيٽ جسٽس آهي ۽ 41 سالن کان سفري قانون بابت لکي رهيو آهي، جنهن ۾ سندس هر سال اپڊيٽ ٿيل قانون جا ڪتاب، ٽريول لا، لا جرنل پريس شامل آهن. (2016)، آمريڪا جي عدالتن ۾ بين الاقوامي عدالتن تي مقدمو، ٿامسن رائٽرز ويسٽ لا (2016)، ڪلاس ايڪشن: The Law of 50 States، Law Journal Press (2016) ۽ 400 کان وڌيڪ قانوني آرٽيڪل جن مان ڪيترائي nycourts.gov/courts/ تي موجود آهن. 9jd/taxcertatd.shtml. اضافي سفري قانون جي خبرن ۽ ترقيات لاءِ، خاص طور تي، يورپي يونين جي ميمبر ملڪن ۾ ڏسو IFTTA.org
اهو آرٽيڪل ٿامس اي ڊيڪرسن جي اجازت کان سواءِ ٻيهر نه ٿو ڏئي سگهجي.
ڪيترائي پڙهو جسٽس ڊيڪرسن جا آرٽيڪل هتي.
